Before I get to my next installment of
Syrian Voices, I have a bone to pick with Foreign Policy Magazine editor Blake Hounshell. I enjoy many of the musings he puts up on the FP Passport blog, but today’s characterization about Damascus is frankly off. In discussing the Leverett’s recent take on Iran he draws a parallel to Syria.
Here’s what he said(see bold faced text specifically):
“Flynt and Hillary Mann Leverett just got back from a trip to Tehran. They write:
“Shortly before we arrived in Tehran, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that the Islamic Republic is turning into a “military dictatorship”. As we drove around Tehran, we looked hard to see a soldier anywhere on the street but did not see a single one—except for a couple at the entrance to the Behest-e Zahra cemetery just south of Tehran, where many of the Iranian soldiers killed in the Iran-Iraq War are buried. Over the years, we have spent a lot of time in a lot of Middle Eastern capitals. We have never been in one—including in Egypt and Israel—that has fewer guys in uniform on the streets than in Tehran right now.”
I'm not sure this is a good metric. You won't find a lot of soldiers on the streets in Damascus, either -- and few would argue that Syria is not a dictatorship backed by force. As the Leveretts well know, Iran's apparatus of repression contains a lot of tools that aren't "soldiers," strictly speaking, and they don't need to be standing around in uniform to be nefarious.”
Damascus, whether you are traveling in the center of the city, through Baramkeh (near the University of Damascus), Mezzeh, or even the Old City you can find plenty of soldiers with AK-47 in hand. Most of them are protecting ministry buildings. Remember, much of society is sponsored by the government, thus there is no shortage of government buildings and soldiers securing the surrounding area. Now, I should qualify this by stating that many soldiers have youthful faces and are friendly enough to engage for directions. In fact, some are reluctant to do their duty. Like Israel, Syria requires all men to serve for at least one year. However, it’s also common to find the menacing red beret wearing officers walking the streets, hanging around officer clubs, and providing a watchful eye.
I don’t even need to discuss the ubiquitous police presence, already well known in Damascus.
So, Blake I deeply disagree with your first point. I also have to take slight issue with the second point. This may be a bit nuanced, but nevertheless important to flesh out.
Syria does indeed have an authoritarian government. The leadership is protected by the overt military presence that I just mentioned. However, the regime also has considerable popular support. I would argue, and this is hard to imagine if you only walk the halls of WINEP, that domestic support for the regime is nearly as strong as it was during the 1970s when Syria prospered from massive industrialization and experienced overall economic growth. Besides evidence I have received from my own experience with Syrian friends, Syrian President Bashar al-Asad recently felt confident enough to allow Muslim Brotherhood leaders to return to Damascus last summer. Such an act was unthinkable for Syrians after the bloody events of 1982, the subsequent exile of the MB, and the change in the Syrian Constitution which outlawed membership. At that time there was a considerable challenge to the regime. One could certainly argue then that the government was primarily backed by force. But, Syria in 2010 is not Syria in 1980. Much has changed.
Please sound off if you’ve had a different experience in Syria.